This academic book explores the fascinating transformation of the Left in post-communist societies, specifically focusing on the experiences of East-Central Europe, Russia, and Ukraine. It delves into the unexpected and divergent paths taken by former communist parties after the fall of the Soviet bloc, examining how these parties navigated the transition from a centralized, communist system to a market-based democracy. The book highlights the ideological split that emerged, with some parties embracing free market social democracy while others retained more traditional leftist principles. Through detailed case studies, it analyzes the factors that influenced these choices, including the political landscape, economic conditions, and social pressures in each country. The book sheds light on the complex and multifaceted processes of political transformation, offering valuable insights into the evolution of the Left in post-communist societies.